Hemophilia Pedigree Analysis: Identifying Carriers & Inheritance Patterns

Pedigree chart of hemophilia in Sam's family:

```

+-------------+

| Grandparents |

+-------------+

| |

V V

+-------+ +--------+

| Father | | Mother |

+-------+ +--------+

|

Sam

Inheritance pattern:

- Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means it is carried on the X chromosome.

- Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes.

- In order to have hemophilia, males must inherit the hemophilia gene from both parents, while females must inherit the hemophilia gene from both copies of the X chromosome (one from each parent) in order to be affected.

- Females who inherit the hemophilia gene from only one parent are carriers. Carriers do not have hemophilia, but they can pass the gene on to their children.

Based on the information given in the question, the pedigree chart shows that:

- Sam has hemophilia, which means he inherited the hemophilia gene from both his parents.

- His father does not have hemophilia, which means he did not inherit the hemophilia gene from his father.

- Sam's mother does not have hemophilia, which means she is a carrier of the hemophilia gene.

- Sam's brother does not have hemophilia, which means he did not inherit the hemophilia gene from their mother.

```