Focal Seizures: Understanding the Onset and Symptoms

1. The seizure begins in a small area of the brain called the focus.

_This area may be located in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, or hippocampus._

2. The neurons in the focus begin to fire rapidly and synchronously.

_This abnormal electrical activity can spread to other areas of the brain, causing a variety of symptoms, including: - Motor symptoms (e.g., jerking movements, muscle stiffness, or paralysis) - Sensory symptoms (e.g., tingling, numbness, or pain)

- Autonomic symptoms (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or breathing) - Cognitive symptoms (e.g., confusion, memory loss, or déjà vu ) _

Focal onset seizures can last for a few seconds or several minutes. They may occur once or in clusters._

3. After the seizure, the brain slowly returns to its normal state.

_The person may feel tired, confused, or have a headache._

Focal onset seizures can be treated with medication, surgery, or a combination of both.