Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Common Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

STIs are infections spread primarily through sexual contact. Many are asymptomatic; regular testing is crucial for sexually active individuals.

Common Bacterial STIs (Curable with Antibiotics)

• Chlamydia: Often asymptomatic; may cause discharge, dysuria, pelvic pain. Treated with azithromycin or doxycycline.
• Gonorrhea: Similar symptoms; rising antibiotic resistance. Dual therapy (ceftriaxone + azithromycin) recommended.
• Syphilis: Stages: chancre (primary), rash (secondary), latent, tertiary (neurosyphilis, cardiovascular). Treated with penicillin G.
• Trichomoniasis: Parasitic; vaginal discharge, itching, dysuria. Treated with metronidazole/tinidazole.

Common Viral STIs (Manageable, Not Curable)

• Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2): Recurrent genital/oral blisters. Antivirals (acyclovir, valacyclovir) suppress outbreaks, reduce transmission.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV): Most clear spontaneously. High-risk types cause cervical, anal, oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccine (Gardasil 9) prevents 9 high-risk types.
• Hepatitis B: Vaccine-preventable. Chronic infection risks cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma.
• HIV: Attacks immune system. ART achieves viral suppression, normal lifespan, prevents transmission (U=U).

Prevention

• Consistent condom use (external/internal)
• HPV and Hepatitis B vaccination
• PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for HIV
• Regular screening (CDC guidelines based on age, risk)
• Partner notification and treatment

Early detection and treatment prevent complications (infertility, cancer, systemic spread) and reduce transmission.