Cardiac Output: Understanding Stroke Volume and Heart Rate

The calculation of cardiac output includes the following two parameters:

- Stroke volume (SV): This represents the volume of blood pumped out by the heart per beat or per contraction. It is measured in milliliters (mL) and varies based on factors like heart rate,preload and afterload

- Heart rate (HR): This refers to the number of beats per minute (bpm) or contractions the heart makes over a minute. It is usually measured using a pulse or by electrocardiography (ECG).