What are the classificaton of fractures?

I. According to the mechanism of injury

A. Closed fractures: These are fractures in which the skin over the fracture site remains intact.

B. Open fractures: These are fractures in which the skin over the fracture site is broken, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

II. According to the orientation of the fracture line

A. Transverse fractures: These are fractures in which the fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

B. Oblique fractures: These are fractures in which the fracture line is at an angle to the long axis of the bone.

C. Spiral fractures: These are fractures in which the fracture line spirals around the bone.

D. Comminuted fractures: These are fractures in which the bone is broken into multiple fragments.

III. According to the location of the fracture

A. Diaphyseal fractures: These are fractures that occur in the shaft of the bone.

B. Epiphyseal fractures: These are fractures that occur in the end of the bone.

C. Metaphyseal fractures: These are fractures that occur in the region of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

IV. According to the associated injuries

A. Isolated fractures: These are fractures that are not associated with any other injuries.

B. Complex fractures: These are fractures that are associated with other injuries, such as dislocations, ligament tears, or blood vessel damage.

V. According to the risk of complications

A. Low-risk fractures: These are fractures that are not associated with a high risk of complications, such as infection, nonunion, or malunion.

B. High-risk fractures: These are fractures that are associated with a high risk of complications, such as infection, nonunion, or malunion.