Transfusion Reactions: Risks of Receiving Incorrect Blood Type
ABO‑incompatible transfusion triggers an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR)—a medical emergency.
Mechanism
Recipient’s preformed anti‑A/anti‑B IgM antibodies bind donor RBCs → complement activation → intravascular hemolysis.
Signs & Symptoms
- Fever, chills, rigors
- Flushing, urticaria
- Dyspnea, hypotension
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
- Hemoglobinuria (dark urine)
- Oliguria, AKI
- DIC, shock, death
Prevention
- Strict ABO/Rh typing of donor and recipient.
- Crossmatch (serologic or electronic).
- Bedside verification: two‑person check of patient ID, unit label, compatibility tag.
HTR is rare (~1:40,000 units) but potentially fatal. Vigilance at every step is mandatory.
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