Pyothorax vs. Hemothorax: Distinguishing Pleural Fluid Types

Pyothorax (empyema) – accumulation of pus in the pleural space, usually from pneumonia extension or thoracic infection.

Hemothorax – accumulation of blood in the pleural space, typically from trauma, malignancy, or coagulopathy.

Diagnostic thoracentesis with fluid analysis (pH, glucose, cell count, culture, hematocrit) differentiates them. Management: chest tube drainage + antibiotics for pyothorax; chest tube + source control for hemothorax.