Understanding ADHD: Symptoms, Signs, and Impact

ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with three core domains. Symptoms must be persistent (≥6 months), inconsistent with developmental level, and impair functioning in ≥2 settings.

Inattention

• Careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention
• Does not seem to listen, fails to finish tasks
• Disorganized, avoids sustained mental effort
• Loses things, easily distracted, forgetful

Hyperactivity/Impulsivity

• Fidgets, leaves seat, runs/climbs inappropriately
• Unable to play quietly, "on the go," talks excessively
• Blurts answers, interrupts, difficulty waiting turn

Presentations

• Combined (both domains)
• Predominantly inattentive
• Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive

Impact

Academic/occupational underachievement, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, increased risk of anxiety, depression, substance use, accidents.

Diagnosis: Clinical evaluation by qualified professional (psychiatrist, psychologist, pediatrician) using DSM-5 criteria, history, rating scales. No single test.

Treatment: Multimodal—behavioral therapy, parent training, school accommodations, medication (stimulants first-line).