10 Key Facts About the Esophagus: Structure, Function, and Disorders

1. Muscular tube connecting throat to stomach; transports food via peristalsis.
2. Two sphincters: upper (UES) and lower (LES) – prevent acid reflux.
3. Mucosa contains mucus‑secreting cells for lubrication and protection.
4. Lacks serosa; covered by adventitia (connective tissue).
5. Peristaltic waves propel food downward.
6. GERD: chronic acid reflux causing heartburn and tissue damage.
7. Disorders: esophagitis, strictures, hiatal hernia, esophageal cancer.
8. Endoscopy (camera on flexible tube) used for diagnosis.
9. Esophageal cancer: common GI cancer; risks include smoking, alcohol, diet, genetics.
10. Lifestyle modifications (avoid triggers, healthy weight, quit smoking) promote esophageal health.