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Understanding X-rays: How They Work and Affect Your Body
X‑ray Physics and Biological Effects
X‑rays are high‑energy electromagnetic radiation (shorter wavelength than visible light). They penetrate tissues differentially:
- Dense tissues (bone): Absorb more photons → appear white.
- Soft tissues: Absorb less → shades of gray.
- Air (lungs): Minimal absorption → black.
A detector captures transmitted photons to create a 2D image.
Radiation Risks
- Ionizing radiation can damage DNA, potentially increasing lifetime cancer risk.
- Risk is dose‑dependent and cumulative; low for single diagnostic exams.
Safety Measures
- Justification: only when clinically indicated.
- Optimization: lowest dose for diagnostic quality (ALARA).
- Shielding: lead aprons, thyroid collars for gonads/thyroid.
Benefits of accurate diagnosis far outweigh minimal risks when used appropriately.
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