Leprosy (Hansen's Disease): Causes, Modern Treatment, and Ending Stigma

Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and eyes. Untreated, it can cause progressive nerve damage, skin lesions, and disfigurement.

Terminology Matters

The term "leper" has historically been used to describe a person with leprosy, but it carries profound stigma. Preferred terminology includes "person affected by leprosy" or "individual with Hansen's disease" to promote dignity and reduce discrimination.

Key Facts

• Transmission: Prolonged close contact with untreated individuals via respiratory droplets. Not highly contagious.
• Treatment: Multi-drug therapy (MDT)—dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine—is highly effective and provided free worldwide by WHO.
• Early diagnosis prevents disability. Nerve damage is irreversible; early treatment stops progression.

Global Status

Leprosy is curable. Global elimination (defined as <1 case per 10,000 population) has been achieved in most countries, but pockets of transmission persist. Combating stigma remains essential for early case detection and treatment adherence.