Goosebumps (Horripilation): Causes, Mechanism, and Medical Significance

What Are Goosebumps?

Goosebumps (horripilation or cutis anserina) are small skin elevations caused by contraction of the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles.

Triggers

• Cold: Reflex to trap air for insulation.
• Strong emotions: Fear, excitement, awe—mediated by adrenaline/norepinephrine release.

Medical Significance

Excessive or persistent goosebumps (piloerection) may indicate autonomic nervous system dysfunction, seen in conditions like diabetes, spinal cord injury, or neurological disorders. Usually, goosebumps are benign and transient.