Chilblains: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Chilblains (pernio) are small, itchy, red/purple swellings on fingers/toes from cold, damp exposure.

Mechanism

Abnormal vascular response to cold → vasoconstriction then rapid rewarming → leakage of fluid into tissues.

Management

• Gradual rewarming (avoid direct heat).
• Topical capsaicin or menthol creams for itch/pain.
• Protect from cold/damp: insulated gloves, socks, waterproof footwear.
• Usually resolve in 1–3 weeks.

Prevention

Keep extremities warm and dry; avoid rapid temperature changes; smoking cessation improves peripheral circulation.

Recurrent or severe cases warrant evaluation for underlying connective tissue or vascular disorders.