Bloated: Definition, Causes, and Clinical Context
Bloated describes a sensation or visible state of abdominal distension due to gas, fluid, or solids.
Common Causes
- Dietary: Overeating, gas-producing foods (beans, cruciferous veg, carbonated drinks), eating rapidly, food intolerances (lactose, fructose, FODMAPs).
- Functional GI: IBS, functional dyspepsia, constipation.
- Organic: SIBO, gastroparesis, celiac disease, ovarian cancer (persistent bloating), ascites.
- Hormonal: Premenstrual, early pregnancy.
- Medications: Opioids, anticholinergics, metformin.
Metaphorical Use
"Bloated budget," "bloated bureaucracy" – excessively large, inefficient.
When to Investigate
- Persistent (>2 weeks), progressive
- Associated weight loss, blood in stool, anemia
- Age >50 new onset
- Family history GI cancer
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