Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol): Antioxidant Benefits, Clinical Evidence, and Safety

Pine bark extract (standardized as Pycnogenol® from Pinus pinaster, maritime pine) is rich in proanthocyanidins (oligomeric procyanidins), flavonoids, and phenolic acids.

Evidence-Based Benefits

• Anti-inflammatory: Reduces CRP, TNF-α; improves osteoarthritis, asthma, Crohn's symptoms.
• Cardiovascular: Lowers LDL, improves endothelial function, inhibits platelet aggregation, enhances microcirculation.
• Neuroprotection: Crosses BBB; improves cognition, attention; studied in ADHD, Alzheimer's, stroke recovery.
• Immune Modulation: Enhances NK cell activity; reduces cold duration/severity.
• Skin Health: UV protection, collagen stabilization, reduces hyperpigmentation, improves elasticity.

Safety & Dosing

• Typical dose: 50–300 mg/day (standardized to 65–75% procyanidins).
• Generally well-tolerated; mild GI upset, headache, dizziness reported.
• Contraindicated in autoimmune disease (theoretical immune stimulation); caution with anticoagulants/antiplatelets.
• Pregnancy/lactation: insufficient data—avoid.

Choose products with third-party testing (NSF, USP). Consult healthcare provider before starting.