How do pressure changes within the chest cavity cause inspiration and expiration?

Inspiration:

1. Contraction of the diaphragm: The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the chest cavity, contracts, causing it to move downward.

2. Expansion of the thoracic cavity: As the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the ribcage upward and outward, expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity.

3. Decrease in intrapulmonary pressure: As the thoracic cavity expands, the pressure within the lungs decreases. This creates a negative pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs.

4. Airflow into the lungs: Atmospheric air, at a higher pressure than the air in the lungs, flows into the lungs through the nose or mouth and trachea.

Expiration:

1. Relaxation of the diaphragm: The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.

2. Recoil of the thoracic cavity: The elastic recoil of the lungs and the chest wall causes them to recoil to their original shape, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

3. Increase in intrapulmonary pressure: As the thoracic cavity recoils, the pressure within the lungs increases.

4. Airflow out of the lungs: Air, now at a higher pressure in the lungs compared to the atmosphere, is expelled out of the lungs through the nose or mouth and trachea.