Ventilators and Respirators: How Mechanical Ventilation Supports Breathing

A ventilator (also called a respirator in clinical settings) is a medical device that provides mechanical ventilation by moving breathable air into and out of the lungs. It is used when a patient cannot breathe adequately on their own due to illness, injury, or during surgery under general anesthesia.

How It Works

The ventilator delivers a controlled mixture of air and oxygen through a tube inserted into the patient's airway (endotracheal or tracheostomy tube) or via a tight-fitting mask (non-invasive ventilation). It regulates:

• Tidal volume – the amount of air per breath
• Respiratory rate – breaths per minute
• Oxygen concentration (FiO₂)
• Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) – keeps alveoli open

Common Indications

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Severe pneumonia or COPD exacerbation
• Neuromuscular disorders causing respiratory muscle weakness
• Post-operative support after major surgery
• Traumatic brain injury or drug overdose with respiratory depression

Key Points

• Ventilators are life-support devices requiring specialized management by respiratory therapists and intensivists.
• They do not heal the underlying condition but support gas exchange while the body recovers or other treatments take effect.
• Weaning (gradual reduction of support) is a critical phase to restore independent breathing.